The return on education for "business criminals" was larger than the earnings benefits of an additional year's education for a US citizen of a similar age living in a similar place. Even the mobster at the lower end of the hierarchy who sees, on average, his return at 5.6 per cent is experiencing a higher return on his extra year of education than another Italian immigrant or an immigrant from another country." "Within that, more than one-third of mobsters are business criminals, engaging in the more sophisticated crimes – and for them, we find that education really does pay. Nicolas Pileggi, the author of Wiseguy (1985), the book that inspired the film Goodfellas, said that Henry Hill, the real-life mobster at the story’s center, once told him about. "The Italian-American Mafia is one of the longest-running criminal operations in the world and conducts itself like a business corporation, with the Boss as chief executive," Dr Campaniello said. Those charged with complex crimes including embezzlement and bookmaking earned the highest returns. Overall, the mobsters had an average of one year less education than their neighbours. The files included information about their education, occupation, income, address and house value or rent paid, in addition to the extent of their involvement with the mob and their criminal career. The economists collected data from secret files kept by America's Federal Bureau of Narcotics on hundreds of mobsters operating in the US during the middle of last century. Unlike previous gangster films, The Godfather looked at the Mafia from the inside out, instead of taking the perspective of law enforcement or of regular society. ![]() The returns from education for those involved in white-collar crimes such as racketeering, loan-sharking and bootlegging were about three times larger than for violent crimes such as robbery and murder. The researchers concluded that extra years of schooling bring "a positive return not only in legitimate activities, but also in illegitimate ones" and that "for career criminals operating at a high level in complex organisations who perpetrate serious crimes, education is quite valuable".
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